Research: Censorship - Miss Begum

Film Censorship

Who are the BBFC and what is their role and Why is the role of the BBFC important to the film industry?

The BBFC stands for The British Board Film Classification and it's job is to protect the public from films that might upset, offend, shock or may psychologically damage the viewers by rating films appropriately according to the content in the film by age groups. Before films are allowed to be screened to the public, the BBFC watches and scrutinizes what age group might be most appropriate for the content viewed within the film, after that, they award the film with an age certificate and the access for it to be screened to the public. 

The BBFC are important to the film industry as it provides a guideline or platform for a film before its release, it protects the audience keeping the safe from scenes that may be inappropriate for a particular age group. Moreover, parents are informed about the viewing of the film allowing them to decide whether its appropriate for their child to watch.

What things get censored and why? Examples:

There are many things that are censored in the film industry in order to protect the audience from shock, psychological damage and much more. Things that get censored include:

1. Extreme Violence and Overwhelming Gore - If there is content that explicitly shows the audience extreme violence in an underage film as well as too much extreme violence that can potentially upset the viewer, this will be censored and cut out completely in order for the audiences safety and psychological state.
2. Nudity and Sexual Nature - Material that is shown to an underage audience like nudity and sexual nature may be censored in order to protect the viewer. Parents might be upset that their vulnerable child might exposed to this which is why it is censored.
3. Foul Language - Foul language used in an underage film can be censored to audiences who are still too young to hear it.
4. Immense amount of Drug and Alcohol use - If there is content displaying immense amount of drug and alcohol abuse during the film to a unsuitable audience, this any be censored due to copy cat and imitation behavior displayed in the younger audience.
5. Political Controversy - This might upset some audiences and create an uproar of unhappy viewers.
6. Religious Controversy - Any material that mimics religion will be simply censored as it may upset some of the religious viewers.
7. Graphic Representation of Realism -  This is inappropriate to the viewers as it displays graphic realism that may result in copy cat, imitation behavior for the younger audience as well as the older viewers.
8. Corrupting the young - This type of material might influence or exploit the young to negative behavior in which may cause them to copy this.
9. Sexual Violence - Sexual violence can be one example that could be censored as it may generate some upset responses from an underage audience.
10. Class - Class can be censored in a film of it is simply unnecessary to display that type of discrimination.
11. Race - As well as class, race can be censored for the same reasons.
12. Culture - If it is simply unnecessary to display this type of content, then it will be censored. 
13. True Events - True events might cause some controversy and may upset the audience, as a result, this will also be censored.
14. Controversy and the Press - This will be censored as it may cause some unnecessary controversy within the press.
15. Shock - Something that is used in an underage film that might cause the audience shock such as an unexpected death in a kids movie will be censored as it may upset the viewers. 

What is the difference between films being cut and banned? Examples:

Censored/ Cut: A film that is censored or cut means to take out some scenes that may be inappropriate for the intended audience, this doesn't mean the the whole film is inappropriate but just some scenes are. For example; an exaggerated nude scene may be cut out from a film that has an age certificate of 15. This is because it is unsuitable for that type of age group, as a result, making the viewers feel uneasy and uncomfortable watching.

Examples:

• The Human Centipede (2009) - 'The Human Centipede' has been censored and cut numerous times before it was screened to the public. There was explicit scenes of degraded and mutilated rape scenes that were too disturbing to show to the audience.

• A Serbian Film (2010) - 'A Serbian Film' has been censored and cut numerous times as well as 'The human Centipede' because of its over exaggerated and disturbing scenes of sexual violence. It was later given an age certificate of 18 yet still sends shivers down the spines of the audience.

• Pitch Perfect (2012) - Although 'Pitch Perfect' seems like a more positive and happier film to watch, this film as also been censored for its use of bad language and nudity due the underage audience it targets.

Banned: A film that is banned means that not like censorship where some parts of the film is inappropriate but the whole film is which as a result is banned for public viewing. For example if a film has extreme violence and gore, nudity and sexual violence throughout, the BBFC would have to ban it as it is inappropriate for all viewers as it could be influential, potentially leaving a negative impact on viewers.

Examples:

• Grotesque (2009) - Grotesque has been banned despite its many attempts in censoring some scenes, it was still not aloud to be screened to the public due to its extreme violence, political and moral messages it sends to the viewers. Footage including amputation scenes such as eye gouging. 

• Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974 - 2003): This film has been banned due to explicit violent scenes that are too disturbing to watch. 

Conclusion:

After researching on censorship, I have discovered that films should be censored there is inappropriate content shown to an underage audience. I now understand the difference between a film that is banned and censored. Furthermore, I am able to film my thriller with caution knowing that certain scenes might be inappropriate for the audience to watch. For example, if i use race, class or religion in my thriller, I will have to cautiously deal with the situation carefully taking in account that it is not exaggerated or it might upset some viewers.

Research: Opening Credits and Typography - Mrs. Quinlan

Opening Credits & Typography

What are opening credits and what is their purpose?

Opening credits are always shown at the beginning of a film that shows who've contributed to the production such as the actors, the director and producers.  They are usually portrayed through texts on a blank screen during the opening scene of the film and accompanied with off-screen sound which is usually the soundtrack of film. Most of the time, the opening credits are names strategically presented in order from the most important names of the production to the least for example; the actors would be first, the director and so fourth. 

The purpose of opening credits is to introduce the audience the significant members of the production allowing them to understand who will be starring in the film and the names that have helped make this work.

What is typography?

Typography is the style, design and appearance of the printed letters that forms to be organised into words and/ or sentences. Typography differs from many other films according to what particular genre they belong to for example; the typography in a thriller film is likely to have a spine-chilling effect on the audience as the selected size, font and colour are carefully chosen. The type of typography used in a thrillers should always be thought out carefully in order to succeed in a particular audience response that the producers of the production want to achieve. It also adds an addition scare to the audience building tension even before watching the film.

What information do opening credits provide? Order of appearance?

And how do they make the audience feel?

Opening credits are usually presented in two different, common formats. The first format would include the name of the studio such as 'Universal Studios' being presented followed by the production team, producers, director, the cast, film title, editor and story boarder. The second format would consist of the production company demonstrated first followed by the title of the film, music composer, editor, writer and director. The opening credits allow the audience to identify what person is mainly responsible for each task in helping to produce the film. 

Within the first format, the director and producer would be presented in the beginning of the credits that further suggests that these roles are the most important and authoritative roles. After this, other roles will be presented. In the second format the director and producer would usually have their names closely together towards the end of the credits to portray their importance which the audience are likely to remember the most. Moreover, the celebrities starring in the film are near the beginning of  the credits as well as the director and producer which shows their significant to the film and without them, there would be no film.

The opening credits overall allow essential information to the audience so they know a little more of the production responsible for this particular film.

       

Examples:

The Dark Knight Rises

The opening credits for 'The Dark Knight Rises' begins with introducing the company 'Warner Bros. Pictures' allowing the audience to understand what studio was responsible for this awesome film. It then allows the audience to see where this original idea came from which is 'DC Comics'. This follows the first format as it begins with the companies that were involved in the production of 'The Dark Knight Rises' and then shortly after the person who was responsible for this film (Christopher Nolan).It then transitions to the title of the film that is subtly put in between the jump cuts and then the main stars of the film are introduced: Christian Bale, Micheal Cane, Gary Oldman, Anne Hathaway, Tom Hardy, Joseph Gordon-Levitt Marion Cotillard and Morgan Freeman. After the lead cast is introduced to the viewers, it re-introduces the director and producer who are responsible for 'The Dark Knight Rises' screen play closely together 'Jonathan Nolan' and 'Christopher Nolan'. Executive producers are then introduced and then the director once again to remind the audience his significance to the movie. Overall, it immediately allows the audience to able to connect with the film as they are being introduced to the people who supported the film before watching it.

The opening credits have different effects on the audience according to their presentation. If the credits are also accompanied with the sound track of the film and in this particular example 'The Dark Knight Rises' which does allow the audience to hear the soundtrack, the viewers may experience feelings of fear and tension as they are able to predict what will occur in the progression of the film such as dark and gloomy intentions from a potential antagonist. There are moving images jumping to one shot to another. Images of Bruce Wayne are shown and shattered glass cover the images, this further creates excitement for the audience as it additionally adds to the fear and tension as they can predict what is going to occur later. Hence shattered class that connotes negative messages.

Typography and connotations. Examples:

The different types of typography have lots of different connotations to them for example:

• Thriller Genre: The typography used in thriller genre 'Se7en' clearly connotes mystery through the use of smudged letters that the audience are able to infer from. This may suggest that the smudged letters connote mystery because the viewers are not quite able to read it clearly further creating mystery. This makes the audience question themselves whether a criminal is involved as the particular typography represents crime, suitable for a thriller genre. The colour white has been chosen which connotes innocence, vulnerability and purity however is juxtaposed with the smudged lettering symbolising crime and danger therefore might suggest crimes that are committed on the innocent. The typography used in 'Se7en' looks creepy and quite sinister giving the audience an idea of how the movie is going to be like, twisted and disturbing.

• Action Genre: The typography used in the action thriller 'World War Z' is basic but bold. This makes it stand out to the audience more as its quite simplistic but very effective. The opening shows people's daily life which the audience doesn't expect anything too frightening to happen. This accompanied by the simple bold text used for the opening credits which also makes it look quite intimidating.

Typography and Thrillers: screen shot examples form thrillers and their connotations

Example:

1. The typography from the film 'Inception' connotes death and danger with the use of the bold, red lettered font. The letters used in 'Inception' are appropriately spaced out for this particular genre as they have a deeper meaning suggests that the characters involved within this film are very different between each other however they must stay close to each other in order to succeed in their mission.

From my research, I believe the tow examples I've mentioned before , would be very effective as it compliments my thriller opening with an antagonist with different personalities. The simple typography is effective and further makes it look professional. I want my audience to establish how normal my antagonist is until we start to understand how sick and twisted he is. This is when my typography would change into something a little more disturbing for example 'Se7en's typography. I believe tha this will be very effective and let the audience understand him and the thriller opening more.

Conclusion:

Creating thriller, I now know what is suitable for a conventional thrill. I need to ensure that my thriller opening will introduce the audience with the production company name first so they are immediately able to take that away further making it look highly professional. Shortly after, I should add in the names of those who will be starring in it in the order of the importance of their role. I will also accompany my opening with a sound track to generate mix feelings from the audience such as fear and excitement. The typography I will use needs to carefully chosen as I want it to be bold in order to grab the audiences attention. I should consider using a conventional colour such as red, white and black to portray danger, innocence and death. 

Research: Narrative Themes - Miss Begum

Narrative Themes

What are themes? Why are they important to identify for the audience?

Themes are ideas that consistently reoccurs in a movie for example; death, violence, money and vengeance in order to meet the audiences expectations of conventional ideas within that particular genre or sub-genre.  For example, if the viewers were watching an action/ crime thriller, they should be expecting to see clearly themes such as crime, mystery and violence because it is what they came to see.
Themes are important for the audience as it is there to get a particular, pleasing response from the audience, furthermore it also allows the audience to identify potential plots that might be taken place within the film.

Themes and genres - discuss how themes are dependent on genres and why?

Themes are usually dependent on their genres because it allows the audience to predict what might happen as the movie progresses which will further allow the viewers meet their expectations. Without a specific genre that enables the whole structure of the move to follow, it is impossible to generate themes as there is no clear narrative. There are different genres that consists of different themes however some similar genres have the same themes portrayed such as:

• Thriller Genre: Death, violence, religion, money, drugs, crime, supernatural
• Action Genre: Violence, Good Vs Evil
• Horror Genre: Death, violence, murder
• Crime Genre: Crime, mystery, violence, drugs, money
• Romance Genre: Family, relationships, love
• Science Fiction Genre: Time travel, space, Good Vs Evil

Common themes in thrillers and why? Examples:

The Dark Knight (2008) (Sub-Genre: Action)

• Crime
• Good Vs Evil
• Vengeance
• Trust
• Weapons
• Violence
• Death
• Envy
• Jealousy
• Mystery 

Memento (2000) (Sub-Genre: Mystery)

• Trust
• Deceit
• Mystery
• Crime
• Vengeance
• Violence
• Death
• Jealously 
• Relationships
• Loyalty

World War Z (2013) (Sub-Genre: Horror

• Death
• Murder
• Relationships
• Family
• Violence
• Mystery
• Disease
• Infections
• Weapons

Although the different story lines and plot twists between these two very different movies, they both share very similar themes both under the thriller genre yet each with their own sub-genre. All these themes are very similar because thrillers always create suspense and all these themes are very capable of doing so.

With the different sub-genres these films possess, they share similar themes. I believe this is because these are the most popular themes used in thriller films today. I plan o n using some of these themes such as murder, death, violence, vengeance and mystery to captivate my target audience.

Impact of themes on the audience

The audience are already aware of the genre before watching the film as they have picked it in particular because of their interest in the trailer they may have seen before therefore they have an idea of what themes to expect when watching it. These particular themes such as death and murder are very likely to be used in a thriller genre which will likely to give the audience a negative response furthermore, might affecting them psychologically too. Moreover, these types of themes usually create tension and anticipation from the audience. 

Conclusion:

Overall, my research on narrative themes have educated me on the important of themes. The themes that are based on the specific genre is created to get a particular response from the audience such as suspense. I know now that when I am creating my thriller film, I have to choose my themes with caution making sure that they are associated with the thriller genre.

Research: Age Certificates - Mrs. Quinlan

Age Certificates

What is the role of the role of the BBFC and why are they important to the film industry (relate to parental guidance/appropriateness of content)?

The BBFC stands for The British Board Film Classification and it's job is to protect the public from films that might upset, offend, shock or may psychologically damage the viewers by rating films appropriately according to the content in the film by age groups. Before films are allowed to be screened to the public, the BBFC watches and scrutinizes what age group might be most appropriate for the content viewed within the film, after that, they award the film with an age certificate and the access for it to be screened to the public. 

The BBFC are so important to the film industry as it provides a guideline or platform for a film before its release, it protects the audience keeping the safe from scenes that may be inappropriate for a particular age group. Moreover, parents are informed about the viewing of the film allowing them to decide whether its appropriate for their child to watch.

What are the different age certificates? Examples:

Universal - The 'U' stands for Universal which means these types of categories are awarded for their suitable content, in general, for those aged four and above are able to watch with a happy and positive mindset also offering reassuring counterbalances to any violence, threat or horror. These films that are rated 'U' demonstrates positive moral framework that could hugely effect the younger audience which is why 'U' rated films must always maintain a happy and positive vibe throughout. In some cases, there is mild foul language such as "Shut-up" and 'Damn' and sexual encounters for example hugging and kissing within the characters in the film however there is little material on this that doesn't really focus on it much.

Examples:

Films such as:

• Aladdin, a story that originated from a Middle Eastern folk tale tells the story of a young boy who frees a Genie from a magic lamp. Through his journey, he meets a beautiful princess that he tries to save from love she's not quite ready for. This has been rated 'U' for the general audience to enjoy as it has a positive moral framework in place educating the younger audience on particular values.

• Lion King is about a lion cub that looses his dad due to his evil and jealous uncle. Lion King is the only Disney movie that has shown a death of a beloved character on screen which has many criticisms but was able to overcome this by teaching the younger audience to never give up. So in the ended it had been happily awarded an age certificate of a 'U' as it also displays a positive moral framework for the younger audience, and older too. It educates the viewers to always be happy about who you are.

Parental Guidance - The 'PG' stands for parental guidance and is for the general viewing of the public but some scenes might be unsuitable for the younger audience hence why should be accompanied whilst watching. A film that is rated a 'PG' should not upset or offend any audiences aged around eight or older however parents are advised to consider whether the content viewed is suitable for their child, furthermore, which means that the responsibility is handed to the parents if any child that may be upset or sensitive to the material. Words that might be use in a 'PG' rated film might use the word 'Bitch' however would not consistently use this throughout the movie.

Examples:

Films such as:

• Night at the Museum  is about a museum security man that explores the museums magical secrets that occur only in the night. It shows some scenes of sexual nature for example body contact and kissing but is not exaggerated to a point where children will dwell upon the matter. It has minor violence that is needed to defeat the villain for a happy and conclusive ending.

• Harry Potter and The Camber of Secrets is about a boy with magical wizard powers that attends a wizardry school to enhance his knowledge but faces some challenges along the way. It has some violence that demonstrate other characters getting hurt from this but also illustrate the antagonist always winning in the end illustrating the positive messages it portrays.

12 Adults - A 12A stands for viewers who are at the age of 12 and older with an adult accompanying them. This category only exists in cinema films. No one younger under the age of 12 may watch it alone as the content within the film might be upsetting to them or particular things that a parent or adult might find inappropriate for a child under that age to watch. Adults taking children under the age of 12 must be aware that some scenes might be offensive and inappropriate for them. Some strong language might be used for example "Fuck" but not frequently. In such circumstances, responsibility for allowing a child under the age of 12 to view lies with accompanying adult.

Examples:

Films such as:

• Spiderman is about a teenage boy who unfortunately gets bit by a spider however fortunately gains amazing powers to shoot webs from his wrists. Gliding through New York City, he saves the city with his cool moves with fun, filled, action packed scenes. This movie was the first movie to be very controversial whether the movie should've been rated a 15 instead of a 12. This was because Spiderman had many death scenes and violence that many people were upset about. There was also some nudity and sexual encounters between few of the characters which also raised a couple of eyebrows. However others argued that the age certificate it was originally awarded for (12) was perfectly fine because children grew up reading comics of Spiderman so why can they not watch it in theatres? This then revolutionised the film industry and forced the BBFC to create a whole new age certificate and called it 12A.

• Avengers Age of Ultron has also been given a 12A due to the same reasons to Spiderman. Violence is portrayed throughout the movie but it is established clearly that it is overcome and the character who has been hurt does not dwell on the injury.

12 - Films that were given the age certificate of 12 may have some content that have controversial elements to it, but on a whole, there shouldn't be any discrimination that might offend the viewers or upset them. Drugs and alcohol can be subtly touched upon but not promoted or glorified in any way unless the film progresses demonstrating the harms of it. Moreover, violence can be displayed to the audience but cannot dwell on the injury or pain. There may be frequent use bad language, nudity and sexual nature shown but only where appropriate.

15 - Films categorised as 15 are awarded with acceptable material such as bad language, drug and alcohol use unless it is not glorified in any way, nudity and sexual encounters however, ages under 15 will find this type of content disturbing, shocking or inappropriate.The 15 category only exists fir video works and no one younger than that specific age may buy or even rent this rated video work.

Examples:

Films such as:

• The hangover has been awarded the age certificate of '15' which allows them to show material suitable for this age group. The film is about a group of men on a bachelor party celebrating the characters last few days of a single man until they have a little bit of too much fun and find themselves stranded somewhere unknown. The film displays heavy drug use and consistent bad language although it suitable for this particular age group as audiences are able to understand themselves that this is negative behavior that they are seeing.

• Limitless has also been given the age certificate of '15' as it includes material such as sex and nudity, bad language and violence that may be distressing the audiences under the age of 15. The movie revolves around a man who after takes this fictional drug that allows him to access 100% of his brain making him 'Limitless' to everything.

18 - This age certificate only allows audiences over the age of 18 to view a particular movie as material may cover criminal law, displaying criminal offence the younger audience might carelessly imitate. Violence and dangerous acts might occur within an 18 rated movie such as illegal drug use however the drugs used in the film must portray its causes to harm to the public health and morals in it. Other examples such as portrayals of sexual or sexualised violence should abide to this rule too.

Examples:

Films such as:

• Fifty Shades Of Grey tells a story about a young student who meets a man who generally likes being very dominant within a relationship. It portrays explicit sexualised scenes where viewers under the age of 18 may find uncomfortable to watch which is way is has been awarded the 18 age certificate.

What age certificate thriller tend to get and why?

Thrillers usually portray themes such as death, violence, vengeance, supernatural, crime and mystery that all can be seen as negative. Because of this, age groups below 15 are not suitable for this type of material showed in cinemas and as a result, thrillers tend to target age groups 15 and above. With thrillers, the majority of the audiences are students (teenagers) in which they find exhilarating and interesting to watch which is why thrillers tend to target audiences of that age group.

What age certificate would you give your thriller?

For my thriller, I would award it an age certificate of 15 because I believe that tends to be the most popular age groups that find thrillers most interesting to watch. Furthermore, if I was to give my thriller an 18 then my audience would massively decrease as its better to have more people watch and enjoy my thriller. I feel as it was to be any lower than 15 then people would really feel uncomfortable to watch it due to major conventional themes such as death.

Conclusion:

This research on age certificates has taught me how significant I must focus on certain age groups when creating my thriller. I have also learnt that most thrillers are rated 15 and above due to explicit scenes of sex and nudity, drug and alcohol abuse and bad language that could potentially upset audiences under that age.

Research: Conventional Thriller Openings - Mrs. Quinlan

Conventional Thriller Openings

Why are film openings important?

Film openings are essential to a film as this is what will create a starting structure, setting the mood for the scene by giving the audience a clear idea of what to expect in terms of tone and a possible story line. Moreover, film openings also give the audience a first impression of the film as it is the most important time to be drawn to the film.

What is the purpose of film openings?

The purpose of a film opening is to educate the audience the type of atmosphere the film will later connote as well as depicting the tone of the film. This generally appeals to the audience when watching as it is to keep them watching, usually with thriller openings, they have suspenseful openings in which do not explain much but as the film progresses the audience will understand.
Film openings are important as it gives the audience the first impression of what the film might be like. A thriller opening often shows conventions and other themes to do with the particular sub-genre it might belong to. For example, if we see the iconography of a gun, then the audience instantly know that this will be based on an action thriller. This is why openings are important because they allow the audience to make their impression on the film to help with their understanding of the film.

Conventions of thriller openings?

A conventional thriller opening will usually have many close-up shots, low-key lighting and tense music, this is because the outcome are occasionally make specific themes such as; death, violence and mystery. Moreover, it is apparent to present narrative ideas. A thriller opening is important as viewers usually make assumptions on what might happen later on then the film whilst it progresses, it is good to intrigue the audience with a lot of suspense and tension that a thriller opening usually possesses.
Conventions such as the use of montages are used to create a small background stories to give the audience a tiny hint on what the narrative might be about. This also creates a chilling effect as the creepy images used make the audience feel uncomfortable such as the opening of 'Se7en'.

What information needs to go into a film opening?

A film opening usually would consist of opening credits of the main actors, this is to allow the audience understand who was involved in the making of the film but can also be used to set a certain tone as font and typography suggests specific themes.

Thriller openings analysis

This opening from 'Se7en' 1995 demonstrates various examples of conventional thriller openings. The specific type of typography used in this opening is consistent, using colours such as black and white that really stand out from the red and black transitioning scenes of various jump cuts and extreme close-ups of a person writing something down. It raises some eyebrows when we watch this as it further shows the viewers a mystery person attempting to remove his skin on his fingertips further removing his fingerprints. This could suggest that this specific character has bad intentions as he is trying to hide his identity, this is very conventional because the antagonists identity is always covered until the end which make the audience wanting to stay and watch the whole movie to find out who this mystery man/ woman is. Black and white filters are used during this opening which connote negative vibes such as death, almost already we get a chilling response from the audience as it already seems dark. Moreover, low-key lighting is used throughout the opening sequence to foreshadow gloomy events ahead.
Micro-elements used in this opening plays a huge part as it adds more tension and anticipation for the audience. Mise en scene in this opening is very effective, although we don't get to see the antagonists costume, this adds more suspense for the audience as they wait impatiently for the criminal to show his identity. This is what makes a good thriller opening.
The cinematography certainly makes the audience feel terrified just by watching the opening as the composition, colour and special effects adds to this. It can make the audience feel uneasy because of the way they abruptly jump from one side to another. An overlay of images of unknown victims or some sort causes discomfort to the audience which is good.

The opening sequence of the film 'Memento' 2000 demonstrates some examples of a thriller opening by starting with an extreme close-up to what seems to be a bloody and gory mess of Polaroid picture. Already the audience are confused to why this certain character has this picture in his hand. When it further progresses, we see the man shake the photo to the sight of it strangely disappearing. This is when the audience realize that the scene is been played back to them which keeps them tempted to know more. In addition, keeping them occupied and entertained to watch it till the end. When we area able to identify the character holding the strange picture, we notice that he has some scratches on his face that suggest that he has been in a fight. It rewinds back and we are able to see the man shoot another unidentified character which leaves the audience in suspense. The rolling credits are also used throughout this opening sequence as well as 'Se7en' wasting no time to show us what is going on, the typography uses a simple font with midnight blue as its colour. This could suggest that mourning that there will inevitable be the death of something during this movie as well as also contrasting to the red mess in the background making it stand out more.
The facial expressions of the victim clearly demonstrates that he is in distress, it uses the conventions of iconography of blood and guns to present its violence.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the research I have done on conventional thriller openings has given me an idea of what the audience might expect from a typical thriller opening. Already when the opening sequence stars rolling, I've learnt that there are many messages conveyed through the type of typography and camera shots used so I must think cautiously on what I choose to show in my thriller to get the particular response I want from my audience.
I definitely want to use the conventions of close-up shots to create tension and anticipation of seeing the antagonists face. The low-key lighting is definitely a must in a thriller opening so in that way it gives a more creepy and spooky atmosphere.

Research: Scream Analysis - Miss Begum

Scream Analysis

How is the opening sequence of 'Scream' conventional to a thriller opening?

The opening sequence of 'Scream' prominently demonstrates fantastic examples of a conventional thriller opening. In these scenes that are presented to the audience, spine chilling themes are portrayed within the sequence such as death, torture and isolation through where we are able to witness the mental torture of a young and vulnerable victim home alone. The antagonist does not make an appearance throughout the interrogation however the use of the phone is a constant tool to terrify the victim. In this opening, it displays several great examples of sound, editing, cinematography and mise en scene which I will explore.

Mise en scene is the first technique used in the sequence, using the phone as it's main iconography, the audience are automatically introduced to this object in which is the main focus of the entire opening. When it rings, the audience are suddenly anxious wondering who might be at the other end at this time of night, we are already able to interpret that something is quite peculiar with this phone call. The phone questionably ringing allows the audience to make easy interpretations because as as soon as the mystery caller speaks, we get no name or any identification whatsoever of who he/ she might be.
A close-up shot is shortly used to capture possible connotations of the phone taking up most of the screen further illustrates its importance as well as portraying the off-screen sound of the antagonist's voice on the phone. The off-screen sound of the antagonist's voice is significant as it is responsible for the chilling response to the audience, an uneasy atmosphere is created as the young, beautiful girl receives an anonymous phone call in the middle of the night. The audience by now should immediately feel anxious on the the victims behalf as the suspicious phone call constantly rings.
A panning shot is used to subtly transit the shot of the phone to the damsel-in-distress to be, in addition, this simple camera movement is there so it does not confuse the audience on what is currently happening.
Conventional thriller techniques such as the victim's costume, hair and make-up indicates that she is clearly the victim even without anything happening just yet. This is conventional to a typical thriller because the audience are able to identify connotations of purity, innocence and vulnerability through her choice of clothing, hair and make-up. The lack of protection is described through the conventional warm, beige and other bright colours in the room further indicating that she is exposed to any danger that may lurk before her. Furthermore, the bright flashy colours are used to connote safety and security but we soon learn later the dark and gloomy outcome. Moreover, her pretty make-up that is put on neatly and blonde hair brushed to perfection allows the audience to clearly assume that she is the victim and nothing more.
The victim continues to happily engage in a strange conversation with the anonymous caller which we all learn later is the antagonist due to his mystery identity we as the audience are unable to uncover.
An abrupt establishing shot is used of the house from outside portrays devastation and gloom foreshadowing the tragic upcoming events. In addition, the murder takes place in the middle of the night which is conventional for a thriller because there is nobody typically around at night which additionally suggests that nobody will be able to help the girl.
Still on the phone with the mystery man, she stops at the table to play with the kitchen knife place in the center of the counter. This is the use of iconography and the main focus the director chose to present to the audience as it proposes her death may be revolved around this knife.
Frozen in fear, the victim is shocked when the mystery man calls her name out loud and a reaction shot is used to capture her emotions. It quickly flickers to the popcorn she placed onto the stove earlier as it gradually grows bigger informing the audience that her choice to proceed in this conversation is getting herself into danger.

When the damsel-in-distress goes to lock the doors, the house gradually grows darker as the use of low-key lighting sets the mood further connoting feelings of gloom and darkness ahead. The victim immediately develops a sense of fear when a long-shot is used to portray this. We are able to see evidently that she is afraid because we are able to witness her terrified facial expression and body language creasing to a ball of vulnerability.
Non-diegetic sound is shortly used when a soundtrack is played in order to build tension for the audience furthermore making us sympathise towards the victim. When the antagonist continues to interrogate her, a personal view shot of the victim is used to explain her current emotions and mentality during this frightening scenario. Here the audience are able to understand her current situation more which becomes much more thrilling. When the victim had finally had enough, she erupts with fury scolding the caller for calling again. Fast-pace editing is used in this extract when the female victim runs frantically to each and every door by locking it in panic. She enters a dark corridor with low-key lighting approaching her as the non-diegetic soundtrack is played once again. The female victim clearly upset about the situation cries and walks away from the phone when the doorbell rings frightening her. All emotions captured through her facial expression and body language is obtained with a long shot.

Told to stay on the phone or else, she continues to cry. The female victim's facial expression is filled with dear and terror as the antagonist threatens her over the phone. It portrays her as a weak and fragile individual as she is unable to protect herself knowing she cannot ignore the phone call as the antagonist knows too much. The chilling outcome generates a fearful atmosphere for the audience as we are unaware of the antagonists whereabouts and how he is so knowledgeable telling the victim about herself. We are able to read her body language clearly as it is tensed, she crawls and hugs her legs hoping for the antagonist to not find her or attack. Reaction shots are consistently used so the audience are able to clearly understand her emotions evidently proposed when the damsel-in-distress reacts after seeing her boyfriend tied to a chair outside. She then realizes that not only she's in danger but her boyfriend too who is then stabbed to death later on when she hysterically cries and screams for help. Thus creates a nerve-wrecking response from the audience as they are able to learn how disturbed the antagonist is and that he is extremely knowledgeable due to being to get hold of his victims close one beforehand. This is conventional to  the thriller genre as it is expected for the female victim to be put in this difficult, life-altering position by the antagonist causing her to be traumatized and vulnerable.

When the masked antagonist finally makes his appearance, the victim is able to escape from his hold, hiding outside and trying to inevitably escape her current situation. Low-key lighting is used once again as well as a black filter used to connote danger and additionally symbolizing death and no escape. A murder is always conventionally taken placed during the night in thrillers because its less likely to be identified plus no one will hear the screams of the victim. When the antagonist finally finds the girl and starts chasing her, it produces a chilling response from the audience as the adrenaline and tension builds for them due to the event taking place at night making them fearful. Low-key lighting is persistently used during the chase as it portrays the antagonists threatening and psychotic characteristics.
Additionally, the setting is located in a suburban area making it impossible for the female to seek assistance. This creates a spine chilling vibe response from the audience as they know the victim will eventually be killed by the antagonist. This is conventional to the thriller genre as the victims homes are the prior location for an attack or murder to take place as it heightens the suspense.

Overall the extensive use of the micro elements in the Scream sequence  makes it conventional to a thriller genre and opening as it creates suspense for the audience who are constantly on the edge of their seats patiently or not, waiting for the outcome of the current situation. When I create my thriller film, I am able to consider these special micro elements to ensure it is suitable for a thriller. I need to recognize the victims clothing, hair and make-up for the audience to able to understand their representation while the antagonist must wear dark coloured clothing so he is not as noticeable, further connoting  power and dark intentions.

Research: Narrative Theory - Miss Begum

Narrative

What is a narrative and why is it important to the audience?

The narrative is what the particular story line is - in which structures the movie into three main parts; the opening, middle and end. The narratives job is the storytelling that informs the audience what will and/ or maybe happen. It is an important part of the film because if there was no narrative present then the film will be all over the place, without a narrative, the audience would be confused.

Creating meaning in texts: What four elements allows the audience to find meaning?

The four elements that creates meaning for the audience includes:

• Character - The representation of the character is important as it helps create meaning through factors such as the characters specific physic, gender, age, costume and their relationship with the other characters in the film, in addition, without these certain factors the audience are not able to make important first impressions that helps them understand the characters position within the film. 

• Genre - The genre of a particular film is also as important as the characters within a film as it also creates meaning. This is done by the themes that are presented through the film depending on the genre. Without the genre in the film, there would be no meaning as the characters. lighting, narrative and themes all depend on the specific genre.

• Connotation and denotation -The connotation and denotation of the film allows the audience to explore the meaning further on a specific object in the film. The connotations and denotations create suspense and allows the audience to identify that particular object in scene. For example; a black book is the denotation but the connotation can imply further information, ideas and themes such as death, vengeance and evil.

• Structure - The structure of a film creates meaning for the film as it allows a chronological order to flow within the film that makes sense and easier for the audience to understand. The setting, characters and events depend on the structure as one event that occurs leads to another. Without a clear structure, the audience are not able to understand the film and are unable to connect with the characters of film itself that may draw them away from the film, as a result, disliking it.

Narrative theories:

Propp (Characters): Who was he and what did he say? Refer to examples:

Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp was a Soviet folkorist who analysed basic components of folk talkes, furthermore, he was able to identify their simplest irreducible narrative elements. Characters have a narrative function and they provide a tructure for text. Propp's characters include:

• The Hero - A Character that seeks for better things.
• The Villain - Who opposes or actively blocks the hero's quest.
• The Donor - Who provides an object with magical properties.
• The Dispatcher - Who sends the hero on his/ hers quest via a message.
• The False Hero - Who disrupts the hero's success by making false claims.
• The Helper - Who aids the hero.
• The Princess - Acts as a reward for the hero and object of the villains plot.
• Her Father - Who acts to reward the hero for his efforts. 

Examples:

In this clip from 'The Man Of Steel'. Propp's theory would say that Superman is the hero, a character that seeks for better things and saves the day. When Superman is having a conversation with his father, his father can further portray as the dispatcher. This is because he sends Superman on his mission to save the people on earth. Superman goes to save the character Lois Lane in a crashing plane which shows that she is the Princess and acts as a reward for his efforts.

The scene from 'The Dark Knight Rises' demonstrates that Bruce Wayne (The Batman, Spoiler) is the Hero, he goes to extrondinary lengths to save the day and as he listens to Alfred, two can argue that Alfred is the donor, the dispatcher, the helper or even all as he provides Bruce with important information on who he's up against and cool gadgets, sends him on his missions via message and finally aids Batman when he is defeated.

Todorov (Ew-Diseq-Neweq) - Who was he and what did he say? Refer to examples:

Tzvetan Todorov was a Russian theorist that suggested film follow a specific narrative that the structures consists of the equilibruim, disequilibrum and new equilibruim, he believed that the formula could be applied to virtually all narratives. The equilibruim was when the characters appear stable at the beginning of the film, then later on the disequilivruim occurs when something disrupting happens and change occurs which then leads to be resolved by the hero. Finally the new equilibruim is when the disruption is resolved and the narrative is closed.

Examples:

The Dark Knight shows great representations of Todorov's theory as it follows a specific structure of the equilibruim, disequilibruim and new equilibruim. Batman at the start of the movie is at a stable start with nothing quite troubling him, as the movie progresses, the disequilbruim (usaully occurs in the middle of the film) is when something disrupts him in his path and changes occur which then he will have to solve himself. Finally at the end of the movie, the new equilibruim is introduced to the viewers to which the problem is fixed.

Aristotle (Themes and emotions) - Who was he and what dud he say? Refer to examples: 

Aristotle is one of the most influential thinkers of our world. Aristotle believes that the importance of a plot is the whole focus of a narrative. He states that it is key to have a beginning, middle and end. Moreover, he believes that it is important to arouse emotions and feelings through the use of themes especially themes such as a tragedy that would spark up the audiences mentality and emotions. Aristotle observed that all narratives had a beginning, middle and end furthermore, a narrative he stated should be created with a unity of time, place and action moving towards a logical and moral conclusion.

Examples:

This short movie clip from 'The Dark knight' demonstrates a clear structure of the beginning, middle and end. The exposition of the child in the antagonists arms show conventional thriller thtemes such as the victim who is the boy is typically blonde. The rising action which occurs when the antagonist 2 Faced flips the coin whether he chooses to kill the Batman, himself and the little boy. The ending which is the falling action would be when Batman is forced to push the antagonist off the cliff to prevent the damsel-in-distress being killed. Finally denouement is when we see that the boy is safe but Batman also falls off the cliff with the antagonist leaving an evoked emotion from the audience sympathsing the protagonist who didn't get the chance to save himself.

Barthes (Semiotics) - Who was he and what did he say? Refer to examples:

Roland Gerard Barthes was a theorist and philosopher that has explored the diverse range of fields that he has influenced the development of theories. Barthes stated that the semiology theory within a narrative had to consist of the denotation, connotation and cultural understanding.  The connotation and the denotation of a narrative is always referred to symbolism through the use of iconography, themes and characters. For an example; an antagonist has the connotations of evil and power that demonstrates his or hers bad intentions and capability.

Examples:

In this scene from 'Micheal Myers' it shows clear examples of denotations and connotations. There is a pumpkin right at the beginning of the scene which tells the audience the denotation of Halloween. The connotations of this would be fear because on Halloween, everyone is a masked figure and we cannot see their identity.

What narrative structures do thrillers tend to take and why?

Thriller narratives tend to follow the structure of Aristotle and Todorv as it demonstrates clear events of the beginning (new equilibruim) to when the audience are able to understand the main characters being introduced to them for example who is the protagonist, antagonist and victim. When the rising action occurs, the protagonist understands its mission to which they have to work towards and succeed. This is then followed by the disequilbrilum that reaches its climax keeping the audience tensed and on the edge of their seats furthermore making it a good structure for a thriller type genre. 

Conclusion:

My research on narrative theories has given me a clear idea of what I have to do to succeed in a successful thriller. This gives me a clear understanding and structure to how I must order my narratives in order to get the right audience response. Using the correct structure is important because it creates a clear understanding for the audience.

Research: Mise En Scene: Setting and Iconography - Mrs. Quinlan

Setting and Iconography

What is setting and iconography and why is it an important convention? How can it help with audience understanding? Discuss connotations and denotations.

Setting is the location where the events in film are filmed. This is a very important convention to all films especially thrillers as it allows the audience to understand where the events are taking place furthermore, to add to their understanding as they can predict the future events that might take place whether it's dark or happy. For example. the audience can infer something good is about to happen if the setting is in a positive environment such as in a crowded park. The park connotes happy children and positive vibes so the audience know that something good will happen on the other hand, if the scene is set in a dark environment like the forest, viewers are enable to make judgement's with negative connotations due to the lack of lighting foreshadowing dark events.

Iconography is a crucial convention when it comes to thrillers as it adds the excitement, without it, the film wouldn't be high quality and enjoyable to watch. It is the main object in that particular scene which the audience mainly focuses on. This particular object conveys certain messages through focusing on it using movie techniques such as using close-ups. In this example: a knife. Why does the director choose to focus on this object? This is because he/ she wants the audience to understand what will actually foreshadow in later scenes that may involve that specific object. When a knife is used as iconography, especially in thrillers, the audience begin to feel a sense of fear and it unconsciously plays on their mind as the director has made it the center of attention.

Connotations and denotations in a movie is important because its what conveys further messages within itself, something quite similar to a Easter egg hunt which by the audience would have to independently pick up small hidden messages to understand the movie clearer. Typical thriller settings include suburban locations such as massive houses in the middle of no where, empty buildings, forests, confide corridors but may also take place in urban locations such as busy roads if it was an action thriller such as 'Fast and Furious'.

Examples of thriller locations:

Setting: What are typical thriller settings and why? Examples

Typical thriller settings would usually use dark scenery and other types of lighting for examples; low-key and back lighting to convey themes such as mystery and danger. With these types of lighting, they cast shadows upon the character which would usually suggest that that particular character is the antagonist due to their hidden identity created by the shadows. The thriller genre specialises in intense movie scenes which may or may not scare the audience which is why they conventionally have dark and spooky scenes likes these ones:

Forests

The dark forest is typically used in supernatural thrillers and connotes danger as it is a rural location symbolising isolation and threat. It's typical to the thriller genre because for if the victim happens to be here alone, its very isolated and quiet with no one around to help. It's also very difficult to find your way out and especially when its dark. They are unlikely to escape which increases the tension and suspension for the audience.

Abandoned Houses

Abandoned house are usually used in thrillers as the denotation of an empty and abandoned house connotes danger as there is no one to help. It is expected for victims to be battling it out with the antagonists which is most likely to be paranormal or supernatural characters. This creates a fearful response from the audience who witnesses this making the victim look more helpless as abandoned houses don't usually have any neighbors.

Settings and sub-genre: How are settings dependent on sub-genres? Examples:

Setting is important because it's what generates the emotions that the audience might be experiencing. For example, a thriller would conventionally have dark and spooky setting to create a tense atmosphere. Setting is especially dependent on a particular sub-genre because it brings certain characteristics other genres might not have.
Sub-genres massively depend on the setting as the setting cannot be chosen if there is no sub-genre. A setting must be chosen after the sub-genre so it makes sense to the film and the audience.
Examples of settings and sub-genres working well together include:

• Psychological Thriller - A psychological creates a negative and spooky atmosphere is created by low-key lighting and in some cases back lighting to add that extra thrill. The audience response to this can be quite chilling because who isn't scared of not being able to know what they're trying to run away from. They usually include locations such as dark alleyways, hospitals and forests. All these locations are dark and most likely to have paranormal/ supernatural characters. 

• Science Fiction Thriller - A sci-fi thriller would often be expected to be set in laboratories or spaceships. These particular settings are conventional to the sub-genre as the audience would expect to see the events taking place in these particular locations as sci-fi involves science and the unexpected.

• Action Thriller - In an action thriller, it would be expected to take place on busy roads, streets, rooftops and empty buildings. With these types of locations, it builds up tension and excitement for the audience, there would be plenty of action to occur in such car chases and fighting scenes. This is conventional to a thriller as its expected for the antagonist to put him/herself in danger whilst fighting the antagonist in a public place.

Iconography: What are typical thriller iconography and why? Discuss connotations and denotations. Examples:

Typical iconography that are used in thrillers are always something that the audience can easily infer from for example any type of violent weapons such as knives, baseball bats, guns etc. This is because there are already negative connotations referring to this object which the audience are able to understand quickly.

• Knives are easily detonated as sharp and deadly but also can sometimes be seen as plain innocent to a child. For example: A knife and fork at the table, a mother cooking her family. On the other hand, knives used in thrillers connote death and danger because of the denotations that describe it has very sharp and could potentially hurt someone.

• Baseball bats is also an everyday object just like the knife, denoting that it's a blunt and playful object that are used to hit baseballs into the air soaring. But they are also very heavy and could be used as weapons and this is the denotation we get from thrillers when we see this type of iconography. A baseball bat can connote violence as it is solely used to hit with and this is why it is reflected as a weapon in thrillers.

• Guns generate denotations like used to defend one. Connotations of a gun might illustrate a quite heroic thing to used as we understand that Armies use this to defend us. In thrillers they connote danger and violence because they are conventionally used to kill and not even to defend. 

Psychological Thrillers

In a psychological thriller, the iconography tends to be identified as rocking chairs, mobile phones, knives, photographs and letters. All these particular objects connote danger and supernatural vibes as its associated with psychotic antagonists who usually use these types of objects to terrorise their victims by affecting their mental state. This is conventional to a thriller as the audience are put through suspense due the hidden identity of the antagonist which further creates fear.

Crime Thrillers

In crime thrillers, they often use of guns, knives and any type of violent weapons as their iconography, this is because these are weapons are able to be used in exciting fighting scenes that viewers like to watch as they have chose to go and watch this specific sub-genre. The denotation of guns and knives connote death and threat which makes the audience anticipate fighting scenes. This is conventional to a thriller genre as it is expected for the antagonist and protagonist to use these weapons ti battle against each other in this crime thriller.

Science Fiction Thriller

In a science fiction thriller,the iconography tends to be something between medical and futuristic such as laser guns and needles. These particular objects connote mystery and danger as the audience don't know what to expect from these abnormal objects that may or may not be from outer space or in the future. This creates a sense of mystery and fear within the audience as they doubt whether or not the protagonist can fight against these advanced technologies. This is conventional to a thriller as it is expected for the iconography such as technology to be used in order to present the protagonists future difficulties he/she may face.

Analyse a scene with the use of iconography 

This action thriller is set in the hospital after the victim suffered from life threatening burns. The joker dressed as the nurse really emapthises the scene when it also states that joker is a crazy and psychotic antagonist who needs attentive care. The gun in this scene is very important and is the iconography in this scene. Joker places the gun to his head as he manipulates the burn victim, which really shows the importance of the gun as he could've killed the antagonist right there and then but chose not to because of joker's sick and manipulative games.

Conclusion:

The research I've done on iconography and setting has been very significantly helpful as it has taught me that this is one of the most important aspects when creating a thriller. Iconography creates subtle messages within a movie allowing the audience to make many different interpretations and I now know the importance of certain connotations and denotations to a particular object. I like the idea of using empty houses as it gives off a strong psychological and supernatural feel to, I want to achieve this in my thriller and I've learnt to day that it is very successful with psychological thriller fans. After researching, I intend to use conventional iconography like phones which connote manipulation for my psychological thriller. In conclusion, iconography is an important element when it comes to thrillers as it is used to idnetify the genre of the film therefore I know I must select these important objects carefully making sure I get the right response from my audience.